Process and apparatus for freezing ice cream and the like



C. W. VOGT Feb. 1o, 1931..

PROCSS AND APPARATUS FOR FREEZING ICE CREAM AND THE LIKE Filed oct.

21, 1927 4 Sheets-Sheet l .H Hmlllll,

INVENTOR. 7L/MENU:- W kaar. BYW' WQ A ORNEYS. s

Feb. 1o, 1931. c. V171/GT f 1,791,774

PROCESS AND APPARATUS `FOR FREEZING ICE CREAM ARD THE LIKE Filed 0c.t.-.^21, 1927 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 IN VEN TOR. ULHE/Ycf IV. V067? BYQ/MM- Y A ORNEYS.-

Feb. 10, 1931. c. w; voGT .1,791,774

PROCESS AND APPRATUS FOR FREEZING- IC CREAM AND THE LIKE Filed oct. ,21. 1927 @sheets-sheet 5 Feb. 1o, "1931. C, W, VOGT lys-1,774

PRocEss AND 4AAPPARATUS FOR FREEZING ICE @EAM AND THE LIKE Filed oct. 21, 1927 4 sheets-sheen 4V INVENTOR. (2H/75H05 n( l/or.

W W A TTORNEYS.v

Patented Feb. 1o, 193i UNITED STATES PATENTOFFICE CLARENCE W. voGT, or LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, AssIGNoR To voGT INSTANT A EREEzERs, INC., A 'CORPORATION or DELAWARE l PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR FREEZING ICE CREAM AND THE LIKE* Application filed 9ct-ober 21, 1927. Serial No. 227,665. I

The rincipal object of this invention is to com ine these steps into one continuous process of handling the mix from the pasteurizer or mixer direct to the can or container in which it is molded, in a closed circuit, thereby eliminating all manual handling of the batch system, as Well as the time consumed, as above set forth, and as will be hereinafter more fully set forth and described.

One feature of the process resides in disuo charging a mist-like spray of the mix into a refrigerant chamber which ismaintained at such temperature as to partially freeze the fine particles of the spray while passing thru the atmosphere so that a certain amount of air or gas will be incorporated therewith to give the proper over-run, and thereafter causing the spray to fall or impinge upon a freezing surface which will harden the particles in the form of finely frozen crystals.

Another feature of the invention resides in pasteurizing batches of the mix in such a manner that properly pasteurized mix may be' y.continuously drawn thru the machine, in-

cluding its passage .into a homogenizer and pre-cooler, wherebya const-ant stream of properly conditioned mix will be discharged into the freezer, and aconstantstream of frozen mix will be dischargedA therefrom.

Another object of the invention reside-sin so the application-of the process to the cooling Y and bleach-ing of ,vegetable oils which are used in place of lard, and cooling and refrigerating similar substances. Heretofore difficulty has been experienced in the method of cooling vegetable oils by Contact with outside refrigerating surfaces, wherein the cooled oils are subsequently whipped to incorporate air therein for bleaching. This difficulty is I due to the oxygen in the air. The rocess herein described pertaining to this eature, which time the mix, partially frozen, is witheliminates this diiiculty and makes the procdrawn into cans. y ess more simple and practical by discharg- The fourth step of the old process comf ing the oils or similar substances under presprises the placing of the semi-frozen batch sure thru a spray within a closed container or of mix in a refrigerated room or vessel for'fdrum from which the oxygen has been exfurther freezing and hardening. Thus, not" eluded. The atmosphere of said drum may only is a quantity of time consumed of from be in the nature of h drogen or carbon di- 24 to 48 hours, but each batch is separately oxide. Furthermore, gy discharging a spray handled thru four different steps. thru such refrigeratlng atmosphere, the de- This invention relates to a new and novel process and apparatus for continuously freezing ice creamand-the like, and for cooling and bleaching vegetable oils.

One object of the invention is to provide a process and associated apparatus employed thereby which will continuously supply the, proper mix, freeze and deliver the ice cream without the necessity of passing it thru certain steps in batches as has heretofore been customary. Thus, considerable time is saved, as well as time and labor involved in preparing and handling various batches, and the nished product will be discharged continuously from the machine as rapidly as the mix is fed thereto.

Heretofore several steps have been employed in the commercial manufacture of ice cream involving the freezing thereof in batches. The first step comprises the pasteurization of the mix, at which time the sugar, gelatine and avoring, if desired, are added and thoroly dissolved by stirring. After the pasteurization is complete the mix is homogenized, as Well known in the art.

The second step in the old process requires a the holding of this mixture in refrigerated tanks While intermittently agitating the same for a period of 24 to 48 hours. This is termeds ageing or ripening. The purpose of this step in the present practice is to thicken or make the mix more viscous so that it will per- -mit of whipping in of sufficient air in the following step.

The third step of the old process consists in drawing over a 'batch of this ripened mixl into a freezer Where additional flavoring, color, fruit or nuts are added. The mixis thus cooled down to the freezing point and held at this point While air is'whipped into the mix causing the desired over-run, at

sired atmosphere or as may be readily in- A corporated 1n the partlcles during their coollng process, so as to eliminate the diiiiculties heretofore experienced in whipping air therein for bleaching purposes. This gives a much better bleaching effect due to the iineness of the breaking up ofthe substances to be cooled rather than cooling it in the heavyliquid form as heretofore.

The. full nature of the invention will be understood from the accompanying drawings and the following description and claims:

Fig. 1 is a central vertical section of the machine with parts thereof in elevation, and showing a packing hopper associated therewith. Fig. 2 is an end elevation thereof with parts broken away. Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of the apparatus employed in the process. Fig. 4 is an elevation with parts broken away of the pasteurizer used in the process. Fig. 5 is a central vertical section thru the filter used inthe process. Fig. 6 is a side elevation illustrating the homogenizer. Fig.` 7 is a side elevation illustrating the precooler. Referring first to the freezer for refrigeratf ing the mix or substance after it has been properly conditioned, there is shown in Figs. 1 and 2 a compartment 10 surrounded by a wall 11 which may be suitably insulated for excluding heat andv maintaining the air therein at a low temperature. Mounted in theVA upper part of the compartment and supported therein by suitable brackets 12 there is a series of refrigerating coils 13 over lwhichbrine is discharged from the brine distributing -head v14. Brine is .conducted to the header pipe 15" thru an inletpipe 16, and distributed to the coils 13 which are surrounded by ammonia gas jackets 17. Ammonia gas is introduced thru the intake pipe 18 to the header 19, thru the jackets 17 of the coils, and discharged thru the pipe 20. The brine is discharged thru the header pipe 21 to the hea-der 14 and is then distributed to the overflow troughs 22 so that the brine will pass over the ammonia jackets and into the troughs 23. From the troughs 23 the brine passes thru the distribut- -ing pipes 24 onto thes'urface of the rot-ating freezing drum 25. It will be understood that the'temperature of the brine is greatly reduced by its passage thru theammonia j-ackets and thereafter being caused to How vover `the-outer surface thereof. The brine dripi ping fromthe surface ofthe drum 25 is Ac aught in a trough/"26 from which it is returned to the brine pump, not shown herein, thru a pipe 27.

The refrigerating drum 25 is rotatably .mounted in the lower'compartment 10 upon the' rollers 28 and 29. Said Lrollers are -supported upon suitable brackets 30, the roller 28 having a vflat surface for .engaging'the flat end band 31 of the drum, while the rollerV 29 has a rounded surface adapted to engage in a grooved band 32. The latter roller is adapted to maintain the drum in position while the former permits any longitudinal expansion or contract-ion thereof due to variations in temperature. The ends of the drum are provided with the c*upwardly-extending flanges 33 embracing the brine discharge pipes 24. The end edges of the drum are also provided with downwardly-extending ianges 34 forming reduced end openings in the drum which are closed by the stationary end plates '35 secured by the brackets 36 to the cross beams 37.

Mounted within the' closed drum there is a refrigerating cylinder 38 supported by a bearing 39 at one end and al bracket 40 at the other end, which cylinder is rotatably mounted and' is provided with a plurality of pelripheral yflanges for increasing the surface The cylinder is rotated upon the rollers 28 and 29 thru the medium of a drive shaft 44 adapted to'be driven from any suitable source of power, not shown herein. Keyed to the inner end of said shaft there is a gear 45 l, adapted to engage and mesh' with the gear teeth 46 formedabout the adjacent end of the drum. Said shaft is supported by suitable bearings iny one ofthe cross bars 37.

The cylinder 38 is caused to slowly rotate l within the rotatingdrum thru the medium of a worm gear 47 driven by a worm 48, said worm being keyed to the shaft 49 extending longitudinally of the cross bar 37 and supported in suitable bearingsl thereon. The

yshaft 49 fisconnected with a shaft 50 thru a clutch 51. The shaft50 is driven thru the medium of a bevel 4 bevel gear 53'which is keyed to the shaft 44. l

Supported and keyed to an extension of the shaft 49 which is' supported on bearing brackets 54 mounted on the-cross bar 37 there is a pulley 55 about which a conveyor beltl 56 passes, said conveyor belt `passing thru suitable slots in the .end plates 35 and about abar 57 connecting theend plates 35. The

gear `52 driven by a other end ofthe conveyor belt passes over a pulley '58`1'nounted upon a'bracket 59. ,For controlling the movement of the conveyor belt, as well as the rotation of the re#y frlgerating cylinder, there is a foot-operated pedal 60` which actuates a rod 61 thru a bell ycrank lever 62.l The rod 61 acts-thru abell crank'lever63at the other. end thereof which drives the belt and cylinder;

Mounted within the drum and supported i by the end plates 35 there' is a pair ofspray headers 67 having a pluralit of spray noz- '80. This is for the purpose of softening the zles 68 mounted thereon, sai ,headers67 being connected with the feed-in pipe 69 thrul which the mix of ice cream is forced under pressure suiicient to cause it to be` discharged from the nozzles in a ne mist-like spray. This header and the nozzles are positioned' adjacent one side of the drum, as shown in Fig. 2, so as to discharge the spray against the opposite side of the drum thru the intermediate space.

Mounted on the bar 57 there are scraping blades 70 adapted to engage the inner surf face of the drum and the side flanges 34 thereof for scraping or forcing mix from the surface of'the freezing drum and causing .it to drop upon the belt 56. Said blades: are held in position bythe brackets 7l'. For s crap. ing any frozen mix which may accumulate on the surface of the cylinder 38, there Lis provided a scraping knife 72, as indicated in Fig. 2. Said blade is provide-d with projections to extend between the ianged surface of said cylinder,I as well as scrape the outer periphery thereof. At one end of the machine immediately over'the discharge end of the conveyor belt 56, there is a fruit or nut hopper having a rotating discharge control wheel 76 whichis rotated at the same speed as the belt 564 thru the medium of a chain drive 77. A density control hopper 7 8'i`s mounted at the dischargeend of saidl belt for receiving the frozen particles of ice cream and causing the same to pass into a stationary fixed' mouth 79 which 'nally discharges the frozen cream into the packing can 80, which ismounted on. a conveyor 81. There is indicated a spray nozzle 82 adapted to discharge mix fromia pipe 83 into the mouth 79 of the packing can frozencream as it 1s packedtherein. This unfrozen `mix sprayed' into thecanwith the frozen particles willbond said frozenpar- .ticles to'each other and also Ato :thesides of the ice cream can-80, toa suicient'degree to i eliminate or greatly reduce shrinkage which n would otherwise be Jcaused by thefuctuations in temperature whi e the ice cream remains 'in storage. Howev r, this may be dispensed i with excepting possi Yly wherein a lighter and the -cheaper .product is desired. The spray is controlled by a valve 84which is connected to the edal 60 so that the spray is cut oi'w'he lt is stopped thru the clutch'l,

.The density hopper 78 is providedfwth a flared mouth 85 for receivingthe frozen particles of cream discharged from the belt and being filled and causing them to pass thru an opening 86 in the side. of the hopper.- Mounted in the hopper there is a rotating .arm 87 having a cupshaped member 88 adjustable longitudinally thereof, said arm being rotated at high speed by a suitable motoor other source of power, not -shownhereim in the direction indicated by the arrow, for throwing with great force gobs of the frozen-particles gathered there# by down into t'he container for packingthe same to the desired density. The .density may be controlled by the speed of-rotation o f the arm, aswell as' by thel adjustment in length of the cup member 88.

.In operation, during the rotation of the drum, the surface thereof is cooled to a very low degree by the passage of brine there-4 over. 'The air or gas contained within the drum is cooled by the cylinder 38 to a low degree. The mix-in liquid form is dischargedafter proper preparation thereof'under sufficient pressure thru the nozzles 68 to cause it to spray in a fine mist against the opposite side of the drum. As it passes .thru the coldl air or gas of the drum, itis partially frozen suflicient to incorporate an| amount of air for obtainingv suitable' over-run. Thereupon the particles impinge against the cold surface of the drum and are frozen into a solid .hard state. A'The natural tendency thereof is to adhere, due to the sugar content, to the surface of the drum while it is rotated, until y such particles in the orm of thin layers of Hakes are scraped therefrom onto the conveyor belt 56 and carried to the hopper for packing in the cans 80'.y

The process as a whole, including th e conditioning of the mix'prior to' its freezing, is illustrated in Fig. 3,'wherein ltherel is diagrammatically illustrated a pair ofpasteurizing andinixing vats ,100' (see Fig. 4) -in which the ingredients are mixed so as toobf tain thedesired mix and liavoring. Two pf such vats are employed so that the mix will be drawn from one for the continuous opera tion' of the .process while .the other 'is being .-linesf101 provided withvalves v1()2,'thus enf* abling one of the vats to lue-shutl ofi' while being drawn from' v the otherrv thru the filter 4103,'as shown-'in-Figl'. The capacity I vats is determinedby the-hourly capacity of the plant. For instance, the'ca acity ofeachf vat .should be approximately the\ capacity of the hourly-capacity of the plant sonas to permit the mixing and then pasteurizing for l atleast thirty minutes, which is. the legal requil-ement.

l "As illustrated in Fig. 4, thei vats 100 em;y

body suitable coils 104 about the inner periphery thereof andthe paddles 105 and 106. The paddlesare rotated about the interior of the vat by means ofthe drivel shaft 107 operated pasteurized while the mix is lfrom a suitable source of power upon the end of which there is keyed the beveled gears 108 meshing with the beveled' gears 110 and 111 keyed to the shafts112 and 113 respectively, said shaft-s being connected with the respective paddles 105 and 106, the paddles are operated in opposite directions.

The filter, as illustrated in Fig. 5, comprises a cylindrical housing 114 having a removable top 115 in which there is a filter bag 116 mounted upon the frame ro'ds 117 resiliently held by the springs 118 from the top thereof, the mix passing into the filter bag thru thebottom of the filter from the pipe 101 and out thru the top of the lter to the homogenizer thru the pipe 119.l

The mix, then passing into the homogenizer 120 as shown in Fig. 6, thru the pipe 110, is highly compressed by the pressure pump 121 having plunger rod 122 operated by the` eccentric 123 thru the cross-head 124. 'f The eccentric is driven b the gear 125 from a motor 126 .thru the c ain and sprocket 127 hav'ing'a gear thereon meshing with the gear 125. The mix drawn intothe pump thru the line 119 is forced thru the homogenizer valve 128 and thence thru-the pipe 129 to the precooler.Y Aby-pass 130 is provided thru the pressure valve 131 back so 119.

The pre-cooler (see lFigure 7 is herein shown as comprising a plurality of tubes 132 through which the mix passes from thepipe 129 and is discharged through the pipe 133 to the spray nozzles 68 in the freezing machine. Whenever the pre-cooling is to be carried close to the freezing temperature of the material, suitable agitatmg mechanism (not shown) is provided in the pre-cooler to preuniformity inv the cooling of the material. The said, agitating mechanism may be constructed after the manner of that shown in my Patent No. 1,783,864, issued December 2, 1930.

From the foregoing, it will be observed that the process is continuous as the mix leaves the sterilizing vats until it is' packed in the packing cans or dischargedvin any other finished form in a finally hardened state so 'as to eliminate the requirement that it be held-for an appreciable length of time` in a hardening room. It will further be noted that the mix is not handled or manually manipulated, but will remain in aclosed circuit until the freezing thereof is completed and it is automatically packed in the cans. The capacity of the machine will depend only upon the quantity of mix sprayed thru the spray nozzles in the freezer which in turn must depend upon the area of the freezing surface of the drum of which the freezer is comprised.

It will be particularly noted that the long delay involving 24 to 48 hours for holding the homogenized Vmix in refrigerated tanks to the intake pipe,

vent undesirable pre-freezing and to provide while agitating the same for the purpose of ripening or ageing, is entirely `eliminated, thus effecting a great saving in time. Since the purpose of this step is merely to thicken the mlxture and` make it more viscous so as to 'permit air to be whipped therein, the same is obtained in this process by reason of spraying the mix in a mist-like form thru refrigerating atmosphere on to the freezing surface ofthe freezer which incorporates therein the desired amount of air or gas, giving the desired over-run.

While the process hasbeen more articularly described with respect to the reezing of ice cream or the like, its application to coolin and bleaching vegetable oils or similar su stances will be apparent. For this purpose, such vegetable oils may be discharged thru the spray nozzles in a fine spray so as lto pass thru the refrigerating atmosphere of the drum which, if desired, may be in the f orm of hydrogen, carbon dioxide or other gases having the desired properties. In this connection, the temperature of the atmosphere, as well as the surface of the drum may be regulated to bring the substances to the proper temperature.

The invention claimed is:

1. The process of refrigerating a substance, consisting of continuously discharging the substance under pressure as a spray into a refrigerated space of such temperature as to cause the substanceto be cooled in the atmosphere, and subsequently causin said cooled substance to impinge' upon an adhere to a refrigerated surface so as to become further cooled by contact therewith and continuously removing said cooled substance from sald surface.

2. The process of refrigerating U a substance, consisting of continuously discharg- Jing the substance under pressure as a spray into a closed container having its surface and the atmosphere container 'therein cooled to gsuch a temperature as to cause the substance to become cooled before reaching the surface for incorporating a portion of the atmosphere therein, cansino` said substance to adhere to said surface and to become further cooled upon contact therewith and continuously removing said substance from said surface.

3. The process of refrigerating a substance, consisting of continuously discharg -ing the substance under pressure as a spray on to a cooling surface at `such ad1stance therefro and in such apre-cooled atmos phere as to cause said mix to become cooledV with some -of the atmosphere incorporated *therein during its passage to said surface, causing said substance to adhere to said surface and to become 'furthercooled and upon engagement therewith and continuously removing said substance from said surface.

4. The process of refrigerating a substance, consisting of continuously discharging the substance under pressure as a spray into a chamber having its surface cooled to such a temperature as to cause the liquid particles to freeze and become hardened in a thin film on the inner surface thereof and continuously removing said film therefrom.

A5. The process of continuously freezing ice cream or the like consisting of mixing and pasteurizing the mix and thereafter continuously passing the same thru a homogenizer and discharging the homogenized mix under 'pressure in a mist-like spray through a reing such homogenized and pre-cooled mix under pressure 1n .amist-like spray into an enclosed'compartment having a freezing surf face adapted to receive said s ray and cause the same to become frozen an hardened and continuously removing the hardened material from said surface.

11. The process of continuously freezing ice cream or the like consisting nf mixing and pasteurizing the desired mix, and thereafter continuouslyl passing the same thru a homogenizer and a pre-cooler, and thereupon discharging such homogenized and precooled mix under pressure in a mist-like spray into an enclosed compartment having a freezing surface adapted to recelvevsaid spray' and cause the same to 'become' frozen 'and hardened, and scraping the hardened particles from the inner surface of said compartment on to a conveyor for discharging the same.

.In witness whereof, I have hereunto af' fixed my signature. i l

- CLARENCE W.VVOGT.

come hardened and continuously removing the hardened particles from said surface.

7 The process of continuousl freezing ice cream or the like, consisting o mixing and pasteurizing the desired mix, and thereafter continuously passing the same thru a homogen izer and a pre-cooler, and thereupon discharging such homogenized and pre-cooled mix under pressure in a mist-Ilka spray through a refrigerating atmosphere on to a. freezing surface of such tem erature as to cause the liquid particles to eeze and become hardened, scraping said frozen particles from the surface and discharging them into suitable containers. l

8. rIhe process of freezing ice cream or the like, consisting of freezing a suitable mix into hardened particles, discharging said hardened particles into a suitable container and incorporating therewith unfrozen mix in liquid form for providing a suitable binder.

9. The process of freezing ice cream or the like, consisting of discharging a suitable mix under pressure in a mist-like spray on to a freezing surface of such temperature as to cause the li uid particles to freeze and become hardened thereon, scraping said frozen particles from the surface and discharging them into suitable containers, and discharging unfrozen mix in liquid form into said containers with said frozen particles for providing a suitable binder therefor.

10.A The process of continuously freezing ice'- cream or the like, consisting of mixing and pasteurizing the desired mix, thereafter cony tinuously 'passing the same thru a homogenizer and a pre-cooler, thereupon discharg- 

